See Sakharovs fluctuations in curved space and how he applies gravitational corrections.Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Ireland, Jamaica, Jersey, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Republic of Cuba, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S. However, theories with cosmic strings predict rather generally a spectrum of different string tensions. Because cosmic rays contain very high energies and take so long to reach us. As the universe grows, the strings grow right along. Scientists are unlikely to see some improbable events in laboratories on Earth, at least without a lot of work, so sometimes they look where they’re more likely to find them. Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (in- cluding cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe. These cosmic strings stretch from one end of the observable universe to the other and are one-dimensional defects in space-time itself. Their length can span the entire Universe, they have a thickness of about $10^$ Cosmic rays could offer evidence of the validity of string theory. Now, a cosmic string is a concept that follows from the Standard Model of elementary particles and speculation about such an entity appeared on the scene before string theory did. However, since the precise nature of the coupling is unknown, the non-gravitational signatures of strings are more model-dependent than those discussed in earlier sections. I read somewhere that Edward Witten, the (once) big hotshot of string theory, said that the discovery of cosmic strings (at the beginning of this Wikipedia article it is written: "Not to be confused with strings in string theory") would provide evidence in favor of string theory. In extended models, in which cosmic string solutions occur within a more complete particle theory, it is quite common for strings to interact via forces present in the Standard Model. Theories were developed in the 1970s about cosmic strings formation in the early universe, their explaining power regarding some observed phenomena.
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